Observables

Pauli Operators

class qucumber.observables.SigmaZ(absolute=False)[source]

Bases: qucumber.observables.ObservableBase

The \sigma_z observable.

Computes the magnetization in the Z direction of a spin chain.

Parameters

absolute (bool) – Specifies whether to estimate the absolute magnetization.

apply(nn_state, samples)[source]

Computes the magnetization along Z of each sample given a batch of samples.

Assumes that the computational basis that the WaveFunction was trained on was the Z basis.

Parameters
name

The name of the Observable.

sample(nn_state, k, num_samples=1, initial_state=None, overwrite=False)[source]

Draws samples of the observable using the given WaveFunction.

Parameters
  • nn_state (qucumber.nn_states.WaveFunctionBase) – The WaveFunction to draw samples from.

  • k (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to perform before drawing a sample.

  • num_samples (int) – The number of samples to draw.

  • initial_state (torch.Tensor) – The initial state of the Markov Chain. If given, num_samples will be ignored.

  • overwrite (bool) – Whether to overwrite the initial_state tensor, if provided, with the updated state of the Markov chain.

Returns

The samples drawn through this observable.

Return type

torch.Tensor

statistics(nn_state, num_samples, num_chains=0, burn_in=1000, steps=1)[source]

Estimates the expected value, variance, and the standard error of the observable over the distribution defined by the WaveFunction.

Parameters
  • nn_state (qucumber.nn_states.WaveFunctionBase) – The WaveFunction to draw samples from.

  • num_samples (int) – The number of samples to draw. The actual number of samples drawn may be slightly higher if num_samples % num_chains != 0.

  • num_chains (int) – The number of Markov chains to run in parallel; if 0 or greater than num_samples, will use a number of chains equal to num_samples. This is not recommended in the case where a num_samples is large, as this may use up all the available memory.

  • burn_in (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to perform before recording any samples.

  • steps (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to take between each sample.

Returns

A dictionary containing the (estimated) expected value (key: “mean”), variance (key: “variance”), and standard error (key: “std_error”) of the observable.

Return type

dict(str, float)

statistics_from_samples(nn_state, samples)[source]

Estimates the expected value, variance, and the standard error of the observable using the given samples.

Parameters
Returns

A dictionary containing the (estimated) expected value (key: “mean”), variance (key: “variance”), and standard error (key: “std_error”) of the observable.

Return type

dict(str, float)

symbol

The algebraic symbol representing the Observable.

class qucumber.observables.SigmaX(absolute=False)[source]

Bases: qucumber.observables.ObservableBase

The \sigma_x observable

Computes the magnetization in the X direction of a spin chain.

Parameters

absolute (bool) – Specifies whether to estimate the absolute magnetization.

apply(nn_state, samples)[source]

Computes the magnetization along X of each sample in the given batch of samples.

Assumes that the computational basis that the WaveFunction was trained on was the Z basis.

Parameters
name

The name of the Observable.

sample(nn_state, k, num_samples=1, initial_state=None, overwrite=False)[source]

Draws samples of the observable using the given WaveFunction.

Parameters
  • nn_state (qucumber.nn_states.WaveFunctionBase) – The WaveFunction to draw samples from.

  • k (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to perform before drawing a sample.

  • num_samples (int) – The number of samples to draw.

  • initial_state (torch.Tensor) – The initial state of the Markov Chain. If given, num_samples will be ignored.

  • overwrite (bool) – Whether to overwrite the initial_state tensor, if provided, with the updated state of the Markov chain.

Returns

The samples drawn through this observable.

Return type

torch.Tensor

statistics(nn_state, num_samples, num_chains=0, burn_in=1000, steps=1)[source]

Estimates the expected value, variance, and the standard error of the observable over the distribution defined by the WaveFunction.

Parameters
  • nn_state (qucumber.nn_states.WaveFunctionBase) – The WaveFunction to draw samples from.

  • num_samples (int) – The number of samples to draw. The actual number of samples drawn may be slightly higher if num_samples % num_chains != 0.

  • num_chains (int) – The number of Markov chains to run in parallel; if 0 or greater than num_samples, will use a number of chains equal to num_samples. This is not recommended in the case where a num_samples is large, as this may use up all the available memory.

  • burn_in (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to perform before recording any samples.

  • steps (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to take between each sample.

Returns

A dictionary containing the (estimated) expected value (key: “mean”), variance (key: “variance”), and standard error (key: “std_error”) of the observable.

Return type

dict(str, float)

statistics_from_samples(nn_state, samples)[source]

Estimates the expected value, variance, and the standard error of the observable using the given samples.

Parameters
Returns

A dictionary containing the (estimated) expected value (key: “mean”), variance (key: “variance”), and standard error (key: “std_error”) of the observable.

Return type

dict(str, float)

symbol

The algebraic symbol representing the Observable.

class qucumber.observables.SigmaY(absolute=False)[source]

Bases: qucumber.observables.ObservableBase

The \sigma_y observable

Computes the magnetization in the Y direction of a spin chain.

Parameters

absolute (bool) – Specifies whether to estimate the absolute magnetization.

apply(nn_state, samples)[source]

Computes the magnetization along Y of each sample in the given batch of samples.

Assumes that the computational basis that the WaveFunction was trained on was the Z basis.

Parameters
name

The name of the Observable.

sample(nn_state, k, num_samples=1, initial_state=None, overwrite=False)[source]

Draws samples of the observable using the given WaveFunction.

Parameters
  • nn_state (qucumber.nn_states.WaveFunctionBase) – The WaveFunction to draw samples from.

  • k (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to perform before drawing a sample.

  • num_samples (int) – The number of samples to draw.

  • initial_state (torch.Tensor) – The initial state of the Markov Chain. If given, num_samples will be ignored.

  • overwrite (bool) – Whether to overwrite the initial_state tensor, if provided, with the updated state of the Markov chain.

Returns

The samples drawn through this observable.

Return type

torch.Tensor

statistics(nn_state, num_samples, num_chains=0, burn_in=1000, steps=1)[source]

Estimates the expected value, variance, and the standard error of the observable over the distribution defined by the WaveFunction.

Parameters
  • nn_state (qucumber.nn_states.WaveFunctionBase) – The WaveFunction to draw samples from.

  • num_samples (int) – The number of samples to draw. The actual number of samples drawn may be slightly higher if num_samples % num_chains != 0.

  • num_chains (int) – The number of Markov chains to run in parallel; if 0 or greater than num_samples, will use a number of chains equal to num_samples. This is not recommended in the case where a num_samples is large, as this may use up all the available memory.

  • burn_in (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to perform before recording any samples.

  • steps (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to take between each sample.

Returns

A dictionary containing the (estimated) expected value (key: “mean”), variance (key: “variance”), and standard error (key: “std_error”) of the observable.

Return type

dict(str, float)

statistics_from_samples(nn_state, samples)[source]

Estimates the expected value, variance, and the standard error of the observable using the given samples.

Parameters
Returns

A dictionary containing the (estimated) expected value (key: “mean”), variance (key: “variance”), and standard error (key: “std_error”) of the observable.

Return type

dict(str, float)

symbol

The algebraic symbol representing the Observable.

Neighbour Interactions

class qucumber.observables.NeighbourInteraction(periodic_bcs=False, c=1)[source]

Bases: qucumber.observables.ObservableBase

The \sigma^z_i \sigma^z_{i+c} observable

Computes the c-th nearest neighbour interaction for a spin chain with either open or periodic boundary conditions.

Parameters
  • periodic_bcs (bool) – Specifies whether the system has periodic boundary conditions.

  • c (int) – Interaction distance.

apply(nn_state, samples)[source]

Computes the energy of this neighbour interaction for each sample given a batch of samples.

Parameters
name

The name of the Observable.

sample(nn_state, k, num_samples=1, initial_state=None, overwrite=False)[source]

Draws samples of the observable using the given WaveFunction.

Parameters
  • nn_state (qucumber.nn_states.WaveFunctionBase) – The WaveFunction to draw samples from.

  • k (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to perform before drawing a sample.

  • num_samples (int) – The number of samples to draw.

  • initial_state (torch.Tensor) – The initial state of the Markov Chain. If given, num_samples will be ignored.

  • overwrite (bool) – Whether to overwrite the initial_state tensor, if provided, with the updated state of the Markov chain.

Returns

The samples drawn through this observable.

Return type

torch.Tensor

statistics(nn_state, num_samples, num_chains=0, burn_in=1000, steps=1)[source]

Estimates the expected value, variance, and the standard error of the observable over the distribution defined by the WaveFunction.

Parameters
  • nn_state (qucumber.nn_states.WaveFunctionBase) – The WaveFunction to draw samples from.

  • num_samples (int) – The number of samples to draw. The actual number of samples drawn may be slightly higher if num_samples % num_chains != 0.

  • num_chains (int) – The number of Markov chains to run in parallel; if 0 or greater than num_samples, will use a number of chains equal to num_samples. This is not recommended in the case where a num_samples is large, as this may use up all the available memory.

  • burn_in (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to perform before recording any samples.

  • steps (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to take between each sample.

Returns

A dictionary containing the (estimated) expected value (key: “mean”), variance (key: “variance”), and standard error (key: “std_error”) of the observable.

Return type

dict(str, float)

statistics_from_samples(nn_state, samples)[source]

Estimates the expected value, variance, and the standard error of the observable using the given samples.

Parameters
Returns

A dictionary containing the (estimated) expected value (key: “mean”), variance (key: “variance”), and standard error (key: “std_error”) of the observable.

Return type

dict(str, float)

symbol

The algebraic symbol representing the Observable.

Abstract Observable

Note

This is an Abstract Base Class, it is not meant to be used directly. The following API reference is mostly for developers.

class qucumber.observables.ObservableBase[source]

Bases: abc.ABC

Base class for observables.

apply(nn_state, samples)[source]

Computes the value of the observable, row-wise, on a batch of samples.

If we think of the samples given as a set of projective measurements in a given computational basis, this method must return the expectation of the operator with respect to each basis state in samples. It must not perform any averaging for statistical purposes, as the proper analysis is delegated to the specialized statistics and statistics_from_samples methods.

Must be implemented by any subclasses.

Parameters
Returns

The value of the observable of each given basis state.

Return type

torch.Tensor

name

The name of the Observable.

sample(nn_state, k, num_samples=1, initial_state=None, overwrite=False)[source]

Draws samples of the observable using the given WaveFunction.

Parameters
  • nn_state (qucumber.nn_states.WaveFunctionBase) – The WaveFunction to draw samples from.

  • k (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to perform before drawing a sample.

  • num_samples (int) – The number of samples to draw.

  • initial_state (torch.Tensor) – The initial state of the Markov Chain. If given, num_samples will be ignored.

  • overwrite (bool) – Whether to overwrite the initial_state tensor, if provided, with the updated state of the Markov chain.

Returns

The samples drawn through this observable.

Return type

torch.Tensor

statistics(nn_state, num_samples, num_chains=0, burn_in=1000, steps=1)[source]

Estimates the expected value, variance, and the standard error of the observable over the distribution defined by the WaveFunction.

Parameters
  • nn_state (qucumber.nn_states.WaveFunctionBase) – The WaveFunction to draw samples from.

  • num_samples (int) – The number of samples to draw. The actual number of samples drawn may be slightly higher if num_samples % num_chains != 0.

  • num_chains (int) – The number of Markov chains to run in parallel; if 0 or greater than num_samples, will use a number of chains equal to num_samples. This is not recommended in the case where a num_samples is large, as this may use up all the available memory.

  • burn_in (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to perform before recording any samples.

  • steps (int) – The number of Gibbs Steps to take between each sample.

Returns

A dictionary containing the (estimated) expected value (key: “mean”), variance (key: “variance”), and standard error (key: “std_error”) of the observable.

Return type

dict(str, float)

statistics_from_samples(nn_state, samples)[source]

Estimates the expected value, variance, and the standard error of the observable using the given samples.

Parameters
Returns

A dictionary containing the (estimated) expected value (key: “mean”), variance (key: “variance”), and standard error (key: “std_error”) of the observable.

Return type

dict(str, float)

symbol

The algebraic symbol representing the Observable.